Post-exercise Recovery Period for the Cardiopulmonary System - The post-exercise recovery period for the cardiopulmonary system is not a constant thing. Neither is it an independent factor. During exercise, “the cardiopulmonary system involving heart, lungs and blood as the central system and the muscle cell at the periphery all operate in concert to support aerobic exercise."(Stratton, Reilly, Williams & Richardson, 2004, p. 28) How old you are, what you were doing before you did the aerobics exercise, what your gender is, are you an athlete or otherwise and similar questions all affect the recovery period of an individual. Even the frequency of doing the same exercise(s) affect the period for the cardiopulmonary system to recover.

Additional factors that may affect the cardiopulmonary system recovery period after an activity or an exercise are the person’s physical attributes and age. Maximal minute volume increases with age and body size. A five year old child may be able to breathe up to 35l/min, whereas a young adult may reach values in excess of 150l/min. Nevertheless, when ventilation is expressed in relation to body size, maximal values are much the same in children, adolescents and adults. (Armstrong & Welsman, 1993, p. 69) During exercise the pulmonary ventilation is initially matched to the oxygen consumption, but both children and adults experience a ventilatory threshold beyond which ventilation rises in a more accelerated manner. The maximum energy output of the aerobic system is best described by measuring the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max). According to Armstrong & Welsman, 1993, “VO2 max is widely recognized as the best single measure of cardiopulmonary fitness”.

How do we measure what we want to know, which is the period of recovery after exercise for the cardiopulmonary system? How do we further measure the post exercise recovery period now that we are aware of the VO2? There is also the cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) which is the analysis of both cardiac and pulmonary data during exercise. The combination of this data with respiratory gas analysis makes CPET useful in a wide array of clinical applications. CPET, which measures both O₂ consumption and CO₂ production, can identify the point at which CO₂ levels start to increase at the airway.

When a person rests, systemic occurs, which refers to changes in the delivery of oxygen to the muscles rather than changes at the cellular level in the muscles. The weight and volume of the heart generally increase with long-term aerobic training, thus making a difference to a non-aerobic person. To arrive at the specific length of time or period, to arrive at someone’s normal cardiac output at rest the solutions at the following may be used. Thus, if a person is to attain a cardiac output of 10 at 100 heart beats per minute, this individual must have 100ml of blood pumped to the heart’s left/right ventricle per heart beat.

Works Cited

Armstrong, Neil, and Joanne Welsman. "6 Children's Physiological Responses to Exercise." Coaching Children in Sport: Principles and Practice. Ed. Martin Lee. London: E & FN Spon, 1993. 64-76. Questia. Web. 14 July 2010.

Carlson,Chad.”Beginner Triathlete.” Retrieved 15 July 2010 from <http://www.beginnertriathlete.com/cms/article-detail.asp?articleid=1176>.

Stratton, Gareth, Thomas Reilly, A. Mark Williams, and Dave Richardson. Youth Soccer: From Science to Performance. New York: Taylor & Francis, 2004. Questia. Web. 14 July 2010.

Post-exercise Recovery Period for the Cardiopulmonary System: Review of a related literature, a journal article entitled, “A Practical Test for Predicting Maximum Oxygen Consumption” by Jimmy H. Ishee

Although this research study is not very expressly measuring the post-exercise recovery period of the cardiopulmonary system itself; it is a very relevant measure as it directly relates to VO2 measurements during a physical activity. The post-exercise state means one has to do the activity first, measure the VO2 level during that physical activity and similar variables are used when measuring the changed level when one is already done with the activity. Thus, this journal article is selected by yours truly. Below is the summary.

Quoting a certain part of the article, it states that “according to the American College of Sports Medicine, V[O.sub.2] max tests are costly and time-consuming”. In this regard, it can be assumed that normal individuals may not perfectly measure the V[O.sub.2] ( VO2 for brevity) but this measure can of course be closely estimated or at least predicted. However, there is no harm in trying to experiment in real situation with at least hundred individuals to simulate the reality of it and at the same time lower the cost of this expensive process and at the same time compare it with the predicted VO2 max or base the predicted value from a test or a study. According to the journal article, VO2 measurement tests are usually administered in university laboratories or medical settings, which are not available to the average practitioner. Submaximal prediction tests that have been developed are capable of predicting VO2 max outside a clinical setting with large groups of people. This method is less expensive and in some ways a safer way to measure VO2 max. Since submaximal tests do not require maximum effort, they are more suitable for a wider range of the population.

The main purpose of the research study, as stated in the journal was to develop a submaximal endurance test for college students through various physical activities such as walking, jogging, or running. The authors wanted to eliminate the reliance on heart rate as a measurement for predicting VO2max and provide a test that had a comfortable pace suited for individuals at different fitness levels. There were a hundred and one (101) participants to the study, consisting of 54 males and 47 females. There were 3 exercise tests composed of a two 1.5 mile endurance tests and a maximal GXT, which was given in a laboratory and these tests were completed not on the same day allowing the participants to relax or rest in between. The article emphasized that the 1.5 mile run is on a “somewhat hard” level of activity.

Based on the 1.5-mile data that the study gathered from the activities, two VO2 max regression models were generated by multiple linear regression. It was hypothesized that in order to “assess the concurrent validity of the VO2 max equations, correlation coefficients and standard error of estimates were computed". Various measures and statistical factors were presented in the article and sample computations were given in order to arrive at the conclusion of the study.

According to the journal’s final note, it was concluded by the study that the activity, which was the 1.5-mile endurance test, that the VO2 max from submaximal exercise without measuring the heart rate or requiring an "all out" effort allowing those who participated to do their exercises such as walking, jogging or running to be accommodated, can be predicted. It was concluded that these different levels of fitness activity is a practical way in predicting VO2 max.

Work Cited

Ishee, J. H. (2003). A Practical Test for Predicting Maximum Oxygen Consumption. JOPERD--The Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 74(6), 14. Retrieved July 15, 2010, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002550470

Student : M. Reed Assignment : Apply your Accounting Knowledge

Course: Accounting I Ch. 2 and 3

Instructions
1-journalize the transaction using a perpetual invetory system
2- enter the beginnig cash and capital balances and post the transactions.
3-prepare the income statement through gross profit for the month of april 2008

More instructions/specific instructions are posted below:

1.1 Journal Entries

Date	Accounts	Debit	Credit
January 2	Cash	36,000
	Knipper, capital		36,000
3	Supplies	500
	Furniture	2,600
	Accounts payable		3,100
4	Cash	1,500
	Service revenue		1,500
7	Land	22,000
	Cash		22,000
11	Accounts receivable	900
	Service revenue		900
15	Salary expense	570
	Cash		570
16	Accounts payable	2,600
	Cash		26,000
18	Cash	1,800
	Service revenue		1,800
19	Accounts receivable	800
	Service revenue		800
29	Cash	400
	Accounts receivable		400
31	Salary expense	570
	Rent expense	700
	Knipper, Withdrawals	2,200
	Cash		3,470

1.2 T-accounts

Knipper, capital Cash

	$ 36,000		$ 36,000	$ 22,000
			1,500 1,800 400	570 2,600 3,470

$ 11,060

Supplies Furniture

$ 500

$ 2,600

Accounts payable Service revenue

$ 2,600

$ 3,100

$ 1,500 900 1,800 800

$ 500 $ 5,000

Land Accounts receivable

$ 22,000

$ 900 800

$ 400

$ 1,300

Rent expense Knipper, withdrawals

$ 700

$ 2,200

Salary expense

$ 570 570

$ 1,140

1,3 Trial balance

Laura Knipper, Attorney

Trial Balance

January 31, 2007

	Trial Balance
Account	Debit	Credit
Cash	$ 11,060
Accounts receivable	1,300
Supplies	500
Furniture	2,600
Land	22,000
Accounts payable		$ 500
Kni[[er, capital		36,000
Kni[[er, withdrawals	2,200
Service revenue		5,000
Salary Expense	1,140
Rent expense	700
Total	$ 41,500	$ 41,500

2.1 Trial Balance Worksheet

Hummer Limo Service

Trial Balance Worksheet

October 31, 2007

	Trial Balance			Adjustments			Adjusted Trial Balance
Account	Debit	Credit		Debit	Credit		Debit	Credit
Cash	6,300						6,300
Accounts receivable	1,000		a.	2,000			3,000
Prepaid rent	3,000		b.		600		2,400
Supplies	600		c.		400		200
Automobiles	72,000						72,000
Accumulated Depreciation		3,000	d.		1,000			4,000
Accounts payable		2,800						2,800
Salary payable			e.		200			200
Ben Hummer, capital		73,000						73,000
Ben Hummer, Withdrawals	3,600						3,600
Service revenue		9,400	a.		2,000			11,400
Salary expense	1,400		e.	200			1,600
Rent expense			b.	600			600
Fuel expense	300						300
Depreciation expense			d.	1,000			1,000
Supplies expense			c.	400			400
Total	88,200	88,200		4,200	4,200		91,400	91,400

2.2 Income Statement

Hummer Limo Service

Income Statement

For the Month Ended October 31, 2007

Revenues
Service revenue		$ 11,400
Expenses
Salary expense	1,600
Rent expense	600
Fuel expense	300
Depreciation expense	1,000
Supplies expense	400
Total expenses	3,900	3,900
Net Income		7,500

2.3 Statement of Changes in Equity

Hummer Limo Service

Statement of Changes in Owner’s Equity

For the Month Ended October 31, 2007

Ben Hummer capital, beginning $ 73,000

Add: Net Income 7,500

80,500

Less: Ben Hummer, Withdrawals (3,600)

Ben Hummer capital, ending $ 76,900

2.4 balance Sheet

Hummer Limo Service

Balance Sheet

October 31, 2007

Assets		Liabilities
Cash	$ 6,300	Accounts payable	$ 2,800
Accounts receivable	3,000	Salary payable	200
Prepaid rent	2,400	Total Liabilities	3,000
Supplies	200	Ben Hummer, capital	76,900
Automobile $ 72,000
Less: Accumulated depreciation (4,000)	68,000
Total Assets	79,900	Total Liabilities and Owner’s Equity	79,900

Instructions

The Given:
Cornerstone distributing company, a single proprietary business of Mr. Owner completed the following merchandising transactions in the month of July 2008, its first month of operation.

In the morning of July 1st , Mr. Owner made a cash deposit of $9,000 for the business capital. On the same day, there was a purchased merchandise on account from DAKOTA SUPPLY CO, $6900 , TERMS /0 , N/30.

In the afternoon of July first, a supplies amounting to $600 was purchased on cash.

July 4th sold merchandise on account $5500 , FOB destination , terms 1/10, , n/30. the cost of the merchandise sold was $4100.

July 5 $240 freight on July 4 sale

July 6 received credit from dakota suplly co merchandise returned $500

July 11 paid dakota supply co in full less discount

July 13 received collections in full , less discounts from customers billed om July4th

July 14 purchased merchandise for cash $3800

July16 received refund from supplier for returned goods on cash ourchase of July 14 $500

July 18 purchased merchandise from skywalker distributors $4500, FOB shipping point terms 2/10, n/30

July 20
paid freight on July 8 purchase $100

July23 sold merchandise for cash $6400 , the merchandise sold had a cost of $5,120

July 26 purchase merchandise for cash $2,300

July 29 made refunds to cash customers for defective merchandise $90. the returned merchandise has a scrap value of $30

July30 sold merchandise on account $3700 terms n/30 the cost of the merchandise sold was $2800

Notes:
a. The supplies at the end of the month amounted to $200
b. Portion of the 2-month advance rental payments of $1,000 was consumed.